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bacterial fruit blotch
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) affects cucurbit plants around the world and can be a serious threat to farmers because it spreads through contaminated seed. BFB is the result of an infection by Gram-negative ''Acidovorax citrulli'' bacteria, which has only been recently studied in detail.〔Bin Li, Yu Shi, Changlin Shan, Qing Zhou, Muhammad Ibrahim, Yanli Wang, Guoxing Wu,Hongye Li, Guanlin Xiea and Guochang Sunb. Effect of chitosan solution on the inhibition of Acidovorax citrulli causing bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon. J Sci Food Agric 93 1010-1015 2013.〕 Members of A. citrulli are Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria with the dimensions 0.5× 1.7 μm. They move via polar flagella.〔 No known reliable sources of BFB resistance exist today, so seed hygiene and thorough testing of breeding facilities are the best way to control spreading. No known control methods, however, are extremely reliable for reducing BFB infection.〔F.C.Q Carvalho, Santos, L.A., Dias, R.C.S., Mariano, R.L.R., and Souza, E.B. (2012). Selection of watermelon genotypes for resistance to bacterial fruit blotch. Euphytica. 190:169-180.〕
== Hosts and symptoms ==
''A. citrulli'' causes disease in the Cucurbitaceae family, with the most significant losses in melon and watermelon. It also affects pumpkin, zucchini and cucumber but these are not as economically devastated by fruit blotch as the melons.〔B. Dutta and Scherm, H. Acidovorax citrulli Seed Inoculum Load Affects Seedling Transmission and Spread of Bacterial Blotch of Watermelon Under Greenhouse Conditions (2012). Plant Disease 96(5): 705-711.〕 ''A. citrulli’s'' economic hosts are cucurbits, but the bacteria can also infect volunteer seedlings of other families. This makes it easier for the pathogen to spread. Symptoms of melon with BFB include water soaked lesions on cotyledons, and hypocotyls, leading to collapse and death. Lesions will look necrotic and may be near veins. On fruit, water soaked lesions will be small and irregular (they average 1 cm diameter and may be sunken) but then progress through the rind. The fruit then decays and cracks when the pathogen causes necrosis. These lesions open the plant to secondary infections as well. ''A. citrulli'' then colonizes the pulp, eventually allowing the seed to become contaminated.〔 On adult leaves, the symptoms appear the same as the ones left by other abiotic or biotic stressors so diagnosis is not as straight forward. They include large irregular leaf lesions which are brown to black in watermelon and reddish brown in melon. Bacterial fruit blotch lesions spread along main midrib in adult leaves.〔S. Burdman and Walcott, R. Acidovorax citrulli: generating basic and applied knowledge to tackle a global threat to the cucurbit industry (2012). Molecular Plant Pathology 13(8): 805-815〕
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